If you access your database table directly, unsupported data types won't be displayed in the ArcGIS interface and you cannot edit them through ArcGIS. When accessing the database table through the Database Connections node in the Catalog tree or through a query layer in ArcMap, ArcGIS filters out any unsupported data types. The mosaic rule parameter is used by many image service operations, for example, export image and identify operations.When you access database tables from ArcGIS, you can work with specific data types.

The third column shows what other SQL Server data types (if any) map to the ArcGIS data type when viewed in ArcGIS.Other SQL Server data types that can be viewedThe precision and scale specified in ArcGIS can affect the resultant data type created in the database. The second column lists the SQL Server data type that will be created in the database. Database data types that don't correspond to these types cannot be used directly in ArcGIS client applications.The first column lists the ArcGIS data types.

See Installing the ST_Raster type in SQL Server for instructions.INT(4) when created in an enterprise geodatabaseINTEGER with IDENTITY property when created in a databaseThe ArcGIS type ObjectID is the registered row ID column for the table (or feature class.) Only one may exist per table.VARCHAR, NVARCHAR, VARCHAR(MAX), NVARCHAR(MAX)If you create a VARCHAR or VARCHAR(MAX) field in a SQL Server database, it will be mapped to the ArcGIS TEXT data type when viewed in ArcGIS. If the keyword's RASTER_STORAGE parameter is set to BINARY, an INT column is created if set to ST_RASTER, an ST_Raster column is created.You must separately configure ST_Raster in the enterprise geodatabase if you want to use it. SDEBINARY = INT GEOMETRY = a GEOMETRY column GEOGRAPHY = a GEOGRAPHY column.In desktop and workgroup geodatabases, the GEOMETRY type is always used.In a database, you specify whether to use GEOMETRY or GEOGRAPHY when the feature class is created.Raster data types are only supported in geodatabases.In desktop and workgroup geodatabases, rasters are always created as INT data types.In enterprise geodatabases, the SQL Server data type that is created depends on the DBTUNE configuration keyword used when the raster column is created.

Arcgis 10.3 Field Data Types